MzTeachuh is a resource blog providing educational links for professional development, timely articles for special needs, ed tech and STEM, as well as interesting and amusing posts in the Fine Arts and the Humanities.
Saturday, August 30, 2014
MzTeachuh: Teaching Is Giving Feedback
MzTeachuh: Teaching Is Giving Feedback: 1. Feedback to improve student learning What is feedback? http://www.flinders.edu.au/teaching/...
Teaching Is Giving Feedback
1. Feedback to improve student learning
What is feedback?
http://www.flinders.edu.au/teaching/teaching-strategies/assessment/feedback/
2. Tips for Grading and Giving Students Feedback
http://www.edutopia.org/blog/grading-tips-student-feedback-heather-wolpert-gawron
3. Giving feedback-Peer Review
http://pd.nottingham.ac.uk/eng/Learning-Teaching/Peer-Observation/Giving-feedback
4. Giving Effective Feedback
http://www.eduweb.vic.gov.au/edulibrary/public/teachlearn/student/activity3_2A.pdf
5. Giving feedback to students
http://www.brookes.ac.uk/services/ocsld/firstwords/fw21.html
6. How to Give Effective Oral Feedback
http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/108019/chapters/How-to-Give-Effective-Oral-Feedback.aspx
7. Are You Good At Giving Feedback?
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/thinking-about-kids/201002/are-you-good-giving-feedback-exercise-in-clapping
MzTeachuh: Ed Tech and STEM News 8/31/14
MzTeachuh: Ed Tech and STEM News 8/31/14: What Do Schools Risk By Going ‘Full Google’? http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/08/what-do-schools-risk-by-going-full-google/?utm_sou...
Ed Tech and STEM News 8/31/14
What Do Schools Risk By Going ‘Full Google’?
http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/08/what-do-schools-risk-by-going-full-google/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+kqed%2FnHAK+%28MindShift%29
Need Help Picking the Right Learning Game? Some Things to Consider
http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/08/need-help-picking-the-right-learning-game-some-things-to-consider/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+kqed%2FnHAK+%28MindShift%29
Computational Thinking: How To Get It, and Why It’s Important
http://anniemurphypaul.com/2014/08/computational-thinking-how-to-get-it-and-why-its-important/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=computational-thinking-how-to-get-it-and-why-its-important
A Teacher's Guide to Keeping Up With Your Tech-Savvy Students
https://www.edsurge.com/n/2014-08-29-a-teacher-s-guide-to-keeping-up-with-their-tech-savvy-students
The Week in Review - The Most Popular Posts of the Week
http://www.freetech4teachers.com/2014/08/the-week-in-review-most-popular-posts_30.html?utm_source=feedblitz&utm_medium=FeedBlitzRss&utm_campaign=freetech4teachers#.VAKDkmNgh-w
Five ed-tech trends to watch for the new school year
http://www.eschoolnews.com/2014/08/29/ed-tech-trends-564/
8 Important Questions About Technology and Learning
http://www.edudemic.com/technology-and-learning-questions/
MzTeachuh: Special Needs Weekly Update 8/31/14
MzTeachuh: Special Needs Weekly Update 8/31/14: Identifying ADHD and Learning Disability Problem Situations http://www.ncld.org/types-learning-disabilities/adhd-related-issues/adhd/ad...
Special Needs Weekly Update 8/31/14
http://www.ncld.org/types-learning-disabilities/adhd-related-issues/adhd/adhd-attention-deficit-ld-problems
Identifying ADHD and Learning Disability Problem Situations
http://www.ncld.org/types-learning-disabilities/adhd-related-issues/adhd/adhd-attention-deficit-ld-problems
Emotional Disturbance
http://www.education.com/reference/article/emotional-disturbance/
Back to School Chat with Sheldon Horowitz, Ed
http://ncld.org/ld-insights/blogs/back-to-school-chat?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ldorg
His Right to Recess: ADHD Kids Should Never Lose Play!
http://www.additudemag.com/adhd/article/9346.html
Does My Child Need Special Ed. Services?
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2014/08/does-my-child-need-special-ed-services.html
Resources for Special Needs
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2014/08/resources-for-special-needs.html
MzTeachuh: Best Articles for Educators 8/31/14
MzTeachuh: Best Articles for Educators 8/31/14: Relationship Building Through Culturally Responsive Classroom Management http://www.edutopia.org/blog/relationship-building-cultural...
Best Articles for Educators 8/31/14
Relationship Building Through Culturally Responsive Classroom Management
http://www.edutopia.org/blog/relationship-building-culturally-responsive-classroom-todd-finley?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=post&utm_campaign=blog-relationship-building-culturally-responsive-classroom-todd-finley-jar-of-jargon-image
How can we prepare teachers to work with culturally diverse students and their families?
http://www.hfrp.org/family-involvement/fine-family-involvement-network-of-educators/member-insights/how-can-we-prepare-teachers-to-work-with-culturally-diverse-students-and-their-families-what-skills-should-educators-develop-to-do-this-successfully
Access to Technology for Immigrant Students
http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/08/access-to-technology-for-immigrant-students/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+kqed%2FnHAK+%28MindShift%29
Recess Makes Kids Smarter
http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/recess-makes-kids-smarter
Self Esteem & Confidence 52 Journal Prompts for Kids
http://journalbuddies.com/journaling/self-esteem-confidence-journal-prompts-for-kids/
Creating a Welcoming and Intellectually Challenging Classroom
http://www.edutopia.org/blog/creating-welcoming-and-intellectually-challenging-classroom-suzie-boss?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A%20EdutopiaNewContent%20%28Edutopia%29
Unplugging Computer Science to Spark Curiosity For Root Concepts
http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/08/unplugging-computer-science-to-spark-curiosity-for-root-concepts/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+kqed%2FnHAK+%28MindShift%29
The Case for Preserving the Pleasure of Deep Reading
http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2013/06/the-case-for-preserving-the-pleasure-of-deep-reading/
Or, at least as interesting as yours is. |
MzTeachuh: Ed Tech Equity: Let All Students Learn in the 21st...
MzTeachuh: Ed Tech Equity: Let All Students Learn in the 21st...: Ye Olde Computer Room--an archeological dig for computers in a storage space down the hall from the classrooms. And the kids are happy t...
Friday, August 29, 2014
Ed Tech Equity: Let All Students Learn in the 21st Century
Ye Olde Computer Room--an archeological dig for computers in a storage space down the hall from the classrooms. And the kids are happy to visit it for CoolMath once a week. |
All teachers need to become master teachers right now to successfully develop classroom effectiveness in using ed tech if the demographic includes serious stressors such as poverty, diversity, and instability. Every quality of sound teaching is in play to create and maintain a positive, secure learning environment for kids in difficult situations. To briefly research what it is to be an effective teacher, you can check out my Mzteachuh's 'Teaching Is...' Collection of posts, http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2012/12/mzteachuhs-teaching-is-collection-of.html
Have I always been the perfect teacher? Heavens, no, but I do always give it my best shot. What else can we expect of ourselves?
Why would students not bring devices to school?
Teachers can expect a higher level of disruption in some demographics. Property damage and theft discourages students from exposing expensive tech at school. Admin and effective classroom management can create a safe place for students to use ed tech equipment. That means in every area of the school: the gym, lunchroom and classes in which the tech isn't used. Making a safe facility for personal property involves security, including all school staff as well as teachers and admin. Everyone needs to be at their best every day.
Why are teachers relunctant to use personal devices in class?
Many teachers really love direct instruction because it requires less classroom management. The students sit. They don't talk to each other, and there is no required teacher interaction. That doesn't work now. (Never did very well.) A teacher must be active to facilitate the students using devices in class, make the rules clear and implement the rules through interaction with the students. Get up out of that computer chair and participate in what's going on in class.
How to minimize digital classroom distractions
http://www.eschoolnews.com/2014/08/14/digital-classroom-distraction-043/?
• No smartphones are allowed when the teacher is conducting a lecture.
• Devices should be put on silent/airplane mode before the start of the class.
• Tablets should only be used during group exercises and note-taking sessions.
Teachers mostly come from homes that encourage learning even if those homes were not affluent or privileged. Many students who are left out of the Tech Equity Circle do not have such advantages. Teachers need to work hard at developing personal relationships with each student and his/her family to provide the positive stability in class and home for effective learning.
How to Get the Most Out of Student-Owned Devices in Any Classroom
http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/08/how-to-get-the-most-out-of-student-owned-devices-in-any-classroom/
“The kids who ‘have’ are going to keep having and the kids who ‘have-not’ are going to keep being over there,” Mills said. He suggests the best way to build equitable classroom technology use is to create a culture of trust. That takes time, but Mills said teachers need to give students a chance to prove themselves before displaying mistrust. “Instead of automatically saying, ‘I don’t trust you,’ why not create opportunities where you can trust them,” he said.
Can teachers cross the cultural divide in their own classrooms?
The United States will increase in cultural diversity. That includes economic diversity. The social and emotional learning task for teachers will be whether we can see the student instead of the demographic.
How can we prepare teachers to work with culturally diverse students and their families?
http://www.hfrp.org/family-involvement/fine-family-involvement-network-of-educators/member-insights/how-can-we-prepare-teachers-to-work-with-culturally-diverse-students-and-their-families-what-skills-should-educators-develop-to-do-this-successfully
Diversity capital is intended to name the type of teaching enhancement that embraces emotion and drives teachers to seek new opportunities and ideas for building positive relationships with students and families from culturally diverse backgrounds. Diversity capital can in turn afford teachers the knowledge, skills, and dispositions needed for a sustainable commitment to, validation of, and exchange with culturally diverse students and families.
Communicating Cross-Culturally: What Teachers Should Know
http://iteslj.org/Articles/Pratt-Johnson-CrossCultural.html
In the United States, with so much cultural mixing, teachers no longer have a choice as to whether they want to interact with diversity or not.
Classroom management requires a teacher to daily analyze how things are going, how things went, and how will we do better tomorrow. Classroom management involves the whole team of teachers the students see each day--so communicate! Classroom management involves admin to discipline fairly and consistently. Quite a task for all.Top Ten Strategies for Classroom Management and Discipline: Proximity and Mobility
http://pattersonandmcmillan.weebly.com/proximity-and-mobility.html
Goofing off in the classroom is inevitable in every classroom regardless of how much experience a teacher has. However, there are specific strategies that teachers use to maintain off-task behavior and that is the use of Proximity and Mobility.
Just goofing off would be a relief for some classrooms, but the basics are the same. Clarify the rules, enforce the rules, and present effective activities.
The following is an article from one educator who addressed the lack of tech for her students. We all really need to keep working on this: access for all students to appropriate ed tech and internet service at home and school. Let all students learn in the 21st century. I believe it is a student's civil right to enjoy a free and appropriate education which now includes fluency in educational technology as a part of becoming literate.
Innovative Strategies for Ensuring Device Equity
http://www.edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2013/06/innovative-strategies-ensuring-device-equity
School officials wondering what to do
for students who lack their own notebook computers, smartphones or
tablets can acquire extra devices with a little bit of ingenuity.
MzTeachuh: Next Week's Lesson Plans 8/30/14
MzTeachuh: Next Week's Lesson Plans 8/30/14: Some new directions for your classroom: Creating a Welcoming and Intellectually Challenging Classroom http://ww...
Next Week's Lesson Plans 8/30/14
Some new directions for your classroom:
Creating a Welcoming and Intellectually Challenging Classroom
http://www.edutopia.org/blog/creating-welcoming-and-intellectually-challenging-classroom-suzie-boss?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A%20EdutopiaNewContent%20%28Edutopia%29
Unplugging Computer Science to Spark Curiosity For Root Concepts
http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/08/unplugging-computer-science-to-spark-curiosity-for-root-concepts/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+kqed%2FnHAK+%28MindShift%29
New Bloom's Taxonomy
http://www.educatorstechnology.com/2014/08/new-blooms-taxonomy-poster-for-teachers.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+educatorstechnology%2FpDkK+%28Educational+Technology+and+Mobile+Learning%29
These links are good to bring depth to your lesson plans:
Thank you, Mind/Shift, for making us thoughtful.
The Difference Between Praise and Feedback
http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/03/the-difference-between-praise-and-feedback/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+kqed%2FnHAK+%28MindShift%29&utm_content=My+Yahoo
One Size Does Not Fit All: The Need for Variety in Learning
http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/03/one-size-does-not-fit-all-the-need-for-variety-in-learning/
These links will help you bring growth to your students.
School Garden Checklist
http://www.letsmove.gov/school-garden-checklist
A Garden in Every School®
http://www.nationalgardenmonth.org/index.php?page=storyline-schoolgarden
Easy Classroom Houseplants
http://www.kidsgardening.org/node/11442
These links will help keep you organized (and sane.)
Tools for Teaching: Managing a Large Class Size
http://www.edutopia.org/blog/managing-large-class-size-rebecca-alber
Classroom Jobs for All Your Student Helpers
http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/classroom-jobs-all-your-student-helpers
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2013/11/teaching-is-creating-living-classroom.html |
MzTeachuh: Chillaxin' With My Mommy
MzTeachuh: Chillaxin' With My Mommy: Mother and Child Leighton, Lord Frederick What Saturdays are for.
MzTeachuh: Does My Child Need Special Ed. Services?
MzTeachuh: Does My Child Need Special Ed. Services?: Resource Specialist in General Ed. Class No need to panic! Kids develop on their own schedules. But it is a good idea to notic...
Does My Child Need Special Ed. Services?
Resource Specialist in General Ed. Class |
Here are some general questions to ask:
- Does the child remember verbal instructions well?
- Does the child retain information in written or graphic form?
- Is the child's attention span similar to that of her/his peers?
- Does the child's handwriting and art fall within the general expectations of the grade level?
- Can the child spell within grade level expectations?
In this state, the Special Education teacher would use specialized testing materials to pinpoint the current academic levels for the student. We tested with WIAT II or Woodcock Johnson and sometimes the TOWL, but there are many tests that will be sufficient. The law states that a qualified staff member must do the testing. To discern a processing disorder or other handicap, a district educational psychologist will administer other tests. Then the IEP team will initially meet and a decision will be made if the child qualifies for services.
Here are some links to further inform a parent or teacher of what performance or behavior might indicate a learning disability.
Learning Disabilities Association of America
http://www.ldanatl.org/index.cfm
Visual Processing Disorder (Dyslexia)
- Reads slowly and painfully
- Experiences decoding errors, especially with the order of letters
- Shows wide disparity between listening comprehension and reading comprehension of some text
- Has trouble with spelling
- May have difficulty with handwriting
- Exhibits difficulty recalling known words
- Has difficulty with written language
- May experience difficulty with math computations
- Decoding real words is better than nonsense words
- Substitutes one small sight word for another: a, I, he, the, there, was
http://www.ncld.org/ld-basics/related-issues/information-processing/auditory-processing-disorders-in-detail
Auditory Processing Disorders
- Learning to read
- Distinguishing difference between similar sounds. Example: Seventy and seventeen
- Understanding spoken language, following directions and remembering details
- Seems to hear but not listen
- Remembering people's names
- Memorizing telephone numbers
- Following multi-step directions
- Recalling stories or songs
- Confusing multi-digit numbers, such as 74 and 47
- Confusing lists and other types of sequences
- Remembering the correct order of a series of instructions
Check with the child's team--parents, teachers, Special Education staff--see what's up and how this young one can get the assistance to succeed.
MzTeachuh: Teaching Is Trying Everything To Get Through
MzTeachuh: Teaching Is Trying Everything To Get Through: 1. Teaching and Learning Methods and Strategies http://www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/edtech/strategy.html#Col 2. Student-...
Teaching Is Trying Everything To Get Through
1. Teaching and Learning
Methods and Strategies
http://www.ic.arizona.edu/ic/edtech/strategy.html#Col
2. Student-Centered Learning Strategies for Math and Other Subjects
http://www.edutopia.org/blog/student-centered-learning-activities-paul-bogdan
3. More ideas than you can count.
6. Teacher Reviewed Apps
http://pinterest.com/weareteachers/teacher-reviewed-apps/
7. Learning Games For Kids
http://www.learninggamesforkids.com/
Thursday, August 28, 2014
MzTeachuh: Hey, Meet Me At Recess By the Swings!
MzTeachuh: Hey, Meet Me At Recess By the Swings!: Fitness expert has games for a 'trouble-free' playground http://blog.mlive.com/chronicle/2008/10/curt_hinson_photos_for_centerp....
Hey, Meet Me At Recess By the Swings!
MzTeachuh: Counseling and Supervision; Supervision and Counse...
MzTeachuh: Counseling and Supervision; Supervision and Counse...: What to change in a school? I have reflected upon what change would have the greatest impact based just upon my own observations. Coun...
Counseling and Supervision; Supervision and Counseling
What to change in a school? I have reflected upon what change would have the greatest impact based just upon my own observations.
Counseling and supervision. More and more effective supervision and counseling. Kids learn better when their minds are focused. Internal and external conditions affect their ability to be successful in school, therefore counseling and supervision.
Counseling usually indicates a counselor working in scheduling classes and sometimes personal intervention with parents and kids. Of course keep this, adding more opportunities for individual students and groups to interact with trained counselors. Have a variety of topics, a variety of groups. Maybe even a club. A qualified counselor at every school site.
Classes and class activities can identify and/or aid in relief of tensions and stressors. Activities can give kids confidence and bolster their ability to learn.
One year when I was teaching a Special Day Class for the Severely Handicapped, a group of students from the student government class came once a week for a class period for peer interaction. My students and the gen. ed. student leaders interacted while I ran a very simple self-esteem class. The benefits? The gen ed. kids were exposed to new career choices (SPED teacher, counselor, etc.) and my students gained language and other academic skills, plus great self-confidence and new friends. It was like pouring Miracle-Gro on them.
Here are a few activities I developed to help students relieve stress:
Writing Prompts to Sooth Kids' Toxic Stress
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2012/04/writing-prompts-to-sooth-kids-toxic.html
Books to Relieve Kids' Toxic Stress
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2012/05/mzteachuh-books-to-soothe-kids-toxic_26.html
Here are curriculum sources for self-esteem:
Discovery Education
http://www.discoveryeducation.com/teachers/free-lesson-plans/self-esteem.cfm
Writing prompts have therapeutic effects for students, too. The counseling comes in with discussion, either through teacher's written response or carefully guided group discussion. Kids are eloquent when narrating their own feelings and experiences. Teachers are professionals who interact with students at least 35 hours a week--we need to know them and how they are doing. Reading their thoughts in writing will do that. Then it is up to us to interact personally with them. Identify a student's internal stressor a student leads to getting them the help she/he needs.
Here are sources for writing prompts for self-esteem:
Self Esteem & Confidence 52 Journal Prompts for Kids
http://journalbuddies.com/journaling/self-esteem-confidence-journal-prompts-for-kids/
Reflective Journal Writing Prompts
http://www.self-esteem-health.com/reflective-journal-writing-prompts.html
Supervision-oh my! By my observation, only one school I taught with in the about a dozen in the past two decades actually followed the principal's directives on supervision consistently. On the playground, at the classroom doors before and after school, during assemblies. It was amazing. It was as though that principal had somehow cornered the teacher market on efficiency and cooperation. As a result, the kids were more secure, cooperative and generally happier. School rules were consistently enforced. The teachers were dependable in their appearances to supervise. At this school, the principal was also present on the campus, even making surprise visits to the classrooms, where he was welcome.
No teachers at any other school I encountered, except for the one above, even consistently enforced supervising passing time between classes. Every year the principal of these schools would announce the importance of teachers being at the door during this time, and in about a week most of the teachers stopped doing it. Why? Because people do what you inspect, not was you expect. The principals had no system to verify if teachers were doing this, except the increase of horseplay, fights and other misbehavior in the hallways based on referrals. Parents of my students would tell me their child was afraid to go down the fall, to lunch or even to the restroom.
Supervision, or lack thereof, enhances the student's learning environment or detracts from it. Personally, I believe the leadership in the admin. building needs to step up on this matter.
Just to put a chill down our spines.
FAILURE TO PROPERLY SUPERVISE STUDENTS
CAN LEAD TO EXPENSIVE LITIGATION
School Supervision Problem Areas
MzTeachuh: Music To Focus By
MzTeachuh: Music To Focus By: The Best of Mozart https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rb0UmrCXxVA
MzTeachuh: MzTeachuh's Top Posts Of the Week 8/29/14
MzTeachuh: MzTeachuh's Top Posts Of the Week 8/29/14: I Double Dog Dare You: Listen to All of These! 100 Top American Speeches http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2014/08/i-double-dog-dare-you-l...
MzTeachuh's Top Posts Of the Week 8/29/14
I Double Dog Dare You: Listen to All of These! 100 Top American Speeches
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2014/08/i-double-dog-dare-you-listen-to-all-of.html
It's A Beautiful Morning
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2014/08/its-beautiful-morning.html
Meatless Monday: Tia Melanie's Cheesy Mexican Omelet
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2014/08/meatless-monday-tia-melanies-cheesy.html
Think About This, Teacher
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2014/08/think-about-this-teacher.html
What Is Up With That Kid?
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2014/08/what-is-up-with-that-kid.html
Educational Links of the Day 8/27/14
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2014/08/educational-links-of-day-82714.html
The Up-Side of Teaching
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2014/08/the-up-side-of-teaching.html
Educational Links of the Day 8/23/14
http://mzteachuh.blogspot.com/2014/08/educational-links-of-day-82314.html
Thanks to our international audience: USA, France, Germany, Turkey, Ukraine, Germany, Poland, China, Canada, Sweden, UK.
MzTeachuh: Teaching Is Getting To Know The Kids
MzTeachuh: Teaching Is Getting To Know The Kids: We get to know our students all year long. 1. 36 Interesting Ways to Get To Know Your Class http://www.ideastoinspire.co....
Teaching Is Getting To Know The Kids
1. 36 Interesting Ways to Get To Know Your Class
http://www.ideastoinspire.co.uk/presentations/gettoknowyournewclass.htm?iframe=true&width=720&height=579
2. Traci's 19th List of Ten:
Ten Narrative Writing Prompts
http://www.tengrrl.com/tens/019.shtml
3. Self-Portrait
Grade Levels: 3 - 5
http://www.teachervision.fen.com/multiculturalism/lesson-plan/5.html?detoured=1
4. All-About-You Activities
http://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/lesson/icebreakers_for_kids_2.shtml
Teachers can also get feedback from kids concerning their personal favorites, current events, and hopes and dreams and do a class comparison. This activity can be connected to just about every discipline. It is also a good break from the hard-core core curriculum.
5. Gathering Feedback from Students
http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/teaching-guides/reflecting/student-feedback/
Giving students a choice--and you can notice and acknowledge that choice. You learn more about the kid, and the child feels validated that you noticed.
You can learn a lot about a child by their choices. |
6. Liven Up Your Lessons by Giving Students Choices
http://www.edutopia.org/lesson-engagement-student-choice
7. Giving Students a Say May Spur Engagement and Achievement
http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/inside-school-research/2010/12/class_choice_may_spur_student.html
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